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You wanna play a biology quiz? Hereyou can download about lung quiz using flash media or swf format. You just drag the text to box. And you can check it your answer true or wrong.
Showing posts with label excretion system. Show all posts
Showing posts with label excretion system. Show all posts
You wanna play a biology quiz? Hereyou can download about lung quiz using flash media or swf format. You just drag the text to box. And you can check it your answer true or wrong.
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This file is about lung structure animation. With this file you can learn more about lung anatomy. Lung is one of excretion organ that secrete CO2.
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Dou you know liver? oke at here you can learn about liver. Anatomy, fisiology, stc
The liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. It has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion. The liver is necessary for survival; there is currently no way to compensate for the absence of liver function long term, although liver dialysis can be used short term.
This organ plays a major role in metabolism and has a number of functions in the body, including glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells, plasma protein synthesis, hormone production, and detoxification. It lies below the diaphragm in the abdominal-pelvic region of the abdomen. It produces bile, an alkaline compound which aids in digestion via the emulsification of lipids. The liver's highly specialized tissues regulate a wide variety of high-volume biochemical reactions, including the synthesis and breakdown of small and complex molecules, many of which are necessary for normal vital functions.
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This animation will show you about process, anatomy of kidney.
The kidneys, organs with several functions, serve essential regulatory roles in most animals, including vertebrates and some invertebrates. They are essential in the urinary system and also serve homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid–base balance, and regulation of blood pressure (via maintaining salt and water balance). They serve the body as a natural filter of the blood, and remove wastes which are diverted to the urinary bladder. In producing urine, the kidneys excrete wastes such as urea and ammonium, and they are also responsible for the reabsorption of water, glucose, and amino acids. The kidneys also produce hormones including calcitriol, erythropoietin, and the enzyme renin.
Located at the rear of the abdominal cavity in the retroperitoneum, the kidneys receive blood from the paired renal arteries, and drain into the paired renal veins. Each kidney excretes urine into a ureter, itself a paired structure that empties into the urinary bladder.
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Skin plays an important role in excretion in the mammals. Skin of mammals is glandular and has 2 types of glands, e.g., sebaceous glands and sudoriferous or sweat glands.
Sweat Glands
These are highly vascular, coiled, simple tubular glands. These separate the wastes from the blood and send it out in the form of sweat. Sweat is formed of water (99%), sodium chloride, lactic acid, some urea and carbon dioxide.
Function of sweat:
(a) Excretion of excess of salts and water
(b) Evaporation of sweat causing a cooling effect and helping to maintain body temperature.
Sebaceous glands
These are branched glands opening into the hair follicles. These secrete an oily secretion called as sebum formed of lipids like waxes. Sterols and some fatty acids.
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Kidneys are shaped like small beans, which are no bigger than your fist. They are located on either side of our backbone under the ribcage.
The diagram illustrates how the kidneys are constructed. First, the blood comes into the kidney through the renal artery and leaves in the renal vein, traveling on the same flow as blood that goes in and out of the heart.
Filtering the blood is the responsibility of about one million nephrons located in each kidney. These serve as the primary tool behind your kidney function. Nephrons use a glomerulus and a tubule to conduct the filtering process. What this system determines as waste gets flushed out of the kidneys in the form of urine along with extra water that the body does not need. Waste products are produced from food and fluid intake as well as normal tissue breakdown after the body has used what it needs for nutritional balance, energy, and self-repair. This process of food and tissue breakdown is known as your metabolism.
The urine travels through tubes called ureters into the bladder. It is here in the bladder where urine is stored until it is excreted out when you go to the bathroom. Normal kidney function produces one liter of urine from approximately 1,000 liters of blood that is processed by these two tiny organs.
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Renal hilus:
The renal hilus is an indentation near to the centre of the concave area of the kidney. This is the area of the kidney through which the ureter leaves the kidney and the other structures including blood vessels (illustrated), lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter/leave the kidney.
Renal capsule:
The renal capsule is a smooth, transparent, fibrous membrane that surrounds, encloses, and protects the kidney. Each kidney has it's own renal capsule (outer layer), which helps to maintain the shape of the kidney as well as protecting it from damage.
The renal capsule is itself surrounded by a mass of fatty tissue that also helps to protect the kidney by damage by cushioning it in cases of impact or sudden movement.
Renal cortex:
The renal cortex is the outer part of the kidney and has a reddish colour (shown as very pale brown above). It has a smooth texture and is the location of the Bowman's Capsules and the glomeruli, in addition to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules and their associated blood supplies (these structures are part of the kidney nephrons - described in further detail on the page about kidney nephrons).
Renal medulla:
The renal medulla is the inner part of the kidney. "Medulla" means "inner portion". This area is a striated (striped) red-brown colour.
Renal pyramids:
There are approx. 5 - 18 striated triangular structures called "Renal Pyramids" within the renal medulla of each kidney. The apperance of striations is due to many straight tubules and blood vessels within the renal pyramids.
Renal pelvis:
The renal pelvis is the funnel-shaped basin (cavity) that receives the urine drained from the kidney nephrons via the collecting ducts and then the (larger) papillary ducts..
Renal artery:
The renal vein delivers oxygenated blood to the kidney. This main artery divides into many smaller branches as it enters the kidney via the renal hilus. These smaller arteries divide into vessels such as the segmental artery, the interlobar artery, the arcuate artery and the interlobular artery. These eventually seperate into afferent arterioles, one of which serves each nephron in the kidney.
Renal vein:
The renal artery receives deoxygenated blood from the peritubular veins within the kidney. These merge into the interlobular, arcuate, interlobar and segmental veins, which, in turn, deliver deoxygenated blood to the renal vein, through which it is returned to the systemic blood circulation system.
Interlobular artery:
The interlobular artery delivers oxygenated blood at high pressure to the glomerular capillaries.
Interlobular vein:
The interlobular vein receives deoxygenated blood (at lower pressure) that it drains away from the glomerular filteration units and from the Loops of Henle.
Kidney nephron:
Kidney nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys. That this, it is the kidney nephrons that actually perform the kidney's main functions. There are approx. a million nephrons within each kidney. To find out more about these, visit the page about Kidney Nephrons.
Collecting Duct (Kidney):
The collecting duct labelled in the diagram above is part of the kidney nephron (shown much enlarged). The distal convoluted tubules* (term explain on the page about kidney nephrons) of many nephrons empty into a single collecting duct. Many such collecting ducts unite to drain urine extracted by the kidney into papillary ducts, then into a minor calyx, then the major calyx (at the centre of the kidney), and finally into the ureter through which the urine leaves the kidney en-route to the urinary bladder.
Ureter:
The ureter is the structure through which urine is conveyed from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
The kidneys are dark-red, bean-shaped organs. One side of the kidney bulges outward (convex) and the other side is indented (concave). There is a cavity attached to the indented side of the kidney, called the Renal Pelvis... which extends into the ureter.
Each Kidney is enclosed in a transparent membrane called the renal capsule... which helps to protect them against infections and trauma. The kidney is divided into two main areas... a light outer area called the renal cortex, and a darker inner area called the renal medulla. Within the medulla there are 8 or more cone-shaped sections known as renal pyramids. The areas between the pyramids are called renal columns.
In humans, the kidneys are two small organs located near the vertebral column at the small of the back. The left kidney lies a little higher than the right kidney. They are bean-shaped, about 4 in. (10 cm) long and about 21/2 in. (6.4 cm) wide.
They kidneys have a couple of different functions. The main purpose of the kidney is to separate urea, mineral salts, toxins, and other waste products from the blood. The kidneys also conserve water, salts, and electrolytes. At least one kidney must function properly for life to be maintained.
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located near the middle of the back, just below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine. The kidneys are sophisticated reprocessing machines. Every day, a person's kidneys process about 200 quarts of blood to sift out about 2 quarts of waste products and extra water. The wastes and extra water become urine, which flows to the bladder through tubes called ureters. The bladder stores urine until releasing it through urination.
Skin functions in homeostasis include protection, regulation of body temperature, sensory reception, water balance, synthesis of vitamins and hormones, and absorption of materials. The skin's primary functions are to serve as a barrier to the entry of microbes and viruses, and to prevent water and extracellular fluid loss. Acidic secretions from skin glands also retard the growth of fungi. Melanocytes form a second barrier: protection from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation. When a microbe penetrates the skin (or when the skin is breached by a cut) the inflammatory response occurs.
Heat and cold receptors are located in the skin. When the body temperature rises, the hypothalamus sends a nerve signal to the sweat-producing skin glands, causing them to release about 1-2 liters of water per hour, cooling the body. The hypothalamus also causes dilation of the blood vessels of the skin, allowing more blood to flow into those areas, causing heat to be convected away from the skin surface. When body temperature falls, the sweat glands constrict and sweat production decreases. If the body temperature continues to fall, the body will engage in thermiogenesis, or heat generation, by raising the body's metabolic rate and by shivering.
Skin cells synthesize melanin and carotenes, which give the skin its color. The skin also assists in the synthesis of vitamin D. Children lacking sufficient vitamin D develop bone abnormalities known as rickets.
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The skin is the largest organ in the body: 12-15% of body weight, with a surface area of 1-2 meters. Skin is continuous with, but structurally distinct from mucous membranes that line the mouth, anus, urethra, and vagina. Two distinct layers occur in the skin: the dermis and epidermis. The basic cell type of the epidermis is the keratinocyte, which contain keratin, a fibrous protein. Basal cells are the innermost layer of the epidermis. Melanocytes produce the pigment melanin, and are also in the inner layer of the epidermis. The dermis is a connective tissue layer under the epidermis, and contains nerve endings, sensory receptors, capillaries, and elastic fibers.
The integumentary system has multiple roles in homeostasis, including protection, temperature regulation, sensory reception, biochemical synthesis, and absorption. All body systems work in an interconnected manner to maintain the internal conditions essential to the function of the body.
The integumentary system, formed by the skin, hair, nails, and associated glands, enwraps the body. It is the most visible organ system and one of the most complex. Diverse in both form and function—from delicate eyelashes to the thick skin of the soles—the integumentary system protects the body from the outside world and its many harmful substances. It utilizes the Sun's rays while at the same time shielding the body from their damaging effects. In addition, the system helps to regulate body temperature, serves as a minor excretory organ, and makes the inner body aware of its outer environment through sensory receptors.
Read more: The Integumentary System - body, effects, parts, skin, care http://www.faqs.org/health/Body-by-Design-V1/The-Integumentary-System.html#ixzz1UgtLRI9n
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The air finally ends up in the 600 million alveoli. As these millions of alveoli fill up with air, the lungs get bigger. Remember that experiment where you felt your lungs get larger? Well, you were really feeling the power of those awesome alveoli!
It's the alveoli that allow oxygen from the air to pass into your blood. All the cells in the body need oxygen every minute of the day. Oxygen passes through the walls of each alveolus into the tiny capillaries that surround it. The oxygen enters the blood in the tiny capillaries, hitching a ride on red blood cells and traveling through layers of blood vessels to the heart. The heart then sends the oxygenated (filled with oxygen) blood out to all the cells in the body.
When it's time to exhale (breathe out), everything happens in reverse: Now it's the diaphragm's turn to say, "Move it!" Your diaphragm relaxes and moves up, pushing air out of the lungs. Your rib muscles become relaxed, and your ribs move in again, creating a smaller space in your chest.
By now your cells have used the oxygen they need, and your blood is carrying carbon dioxide and other wastes that must leave your body. The blood comes back through the capillaries and the wastes enter the alveoli. Then you breathe them out in the reverse order of how they came in — the air goes through the bronchioles, out the bronchi, out the trachea, and finally out through your mouth and nose.
The air that you breathe out not only contains wastes and carbon dioxide, but it's warm, too! As air travels through your body, it picks up heat along the way. You can feel this heat by putting your hand in front of your mouth or nose as you breathe out. What is the temperature of the air that comes out of your mouth or nose?
With all this movement, you might be wondering why things don't get stuck as the lungs fill and empty! Luckily, your lungs are covered by two really slick special layers called pleural (say: ploo-ral) membranes. These membranes are separated by a fluid that allows them to slide around easily while you inhale and exhale.
Breathing is so vital to life that it happens automatically. Each day, you breathe about 20,000 times, and by the time you're 70 years old, you'll have taken at least 600 million breaths.
All of this breathing couldn't happen without the respiratory system, which includes the nose, throat, voice box, windpipe, and lungs.
At the top of the respiratory system, the nostrils (also called nares) act as the air intake, bringing air into the nose, where it's warmed and humidified. Tiny hairs called cilia protect the nasal passageways and other parts of the respiratory tract, filtering out dust and other particles that enter the nose through the breathed air.
Air can also be taken in through the mouth. These two openings of the airway (the nasal cavity and the mouth) meet at the pharynx, or throat, at the back of the nose and mouth. The pharynx is part of the digestive system as well as the respiratory system because it carries both food and air. At the bottom of the pharynx, this pathway divides in two, one for food (the esophagus, which leads to the stomach) and the other for air. The epiglottis, a small flap of tissue, covers the air-only passage when we swallow, keeping food and liquid from going into the lungs.
The larynx, or voice box, is the uppermost part of the air-only pipe. This short tube contains a pair of vocal cords, which vibrate to make sounds.
The trachea, or windpipe, extends downward from the base of the larynx. It lies partly in the neck and partly in the chest cavity. The walls of the trachea are strengthened by stiff rings of cartilage to keep it open. The trachea is also lined with cilia, which sweep fluids and foreign particles out of the airway so that they stay out of the lungs.
From the outside, lungs are pink and a bit squishy, like a sponge. But the inside contains the real lowdown on the lungs! At the bottom of the trachea (say: tray-kee-uh), or windpipe, there are two large tubes. These tubes are called the main stem bronchi (say: brong-kye), and one heads left into the left lung, while the other heads right into the right lung.
Each main stem bronchus (say: brong-kuss) — the name for just one of the bronchi — then branches off into tubes, or bronchi, that get smaller and even smaller still, like branches on a big tree. The tiniest tubes are called bronchioles (say: brong-kee-oles), and there are about 30,000 of them in each lung. Each bronchiole is about the same thickness as a hair.
At the end of each bronchiole is a special area that leads into clumps of teeny tiny air sacs called alveoli (say: al-vee-oh-lie). There are about 600 million alveoli in your lungs and if you stretched them out, they would cover an entire tennis court. Now that's a load of alveoli! Each alveolus (say: al-vee-oh-luss) — what we call just one of the alveoli — has a mesh-like covering of very small blood vessels called capillaries (say: cap-ill-er-ees). These capillaries are so tiny that the cells in your blood need to line up single file just to march through them.
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Kidneys are shaped like small beans, which are no bigger than your fist. They are located on either side of our backbone under the ribcage.
The diagram illustrates how the kidneys are constructed. First, the blood comes into the kidney through the renal artery and leaves in the renal vein, traveling on the same flow as blood that goes in and out of the heart.
Filtering the blood is the responsibility of about one million nephrons located in each kidney. These serve as the primary tool behind your kidney function. Nephrons use a glomerulus and a tubule to conduct the filtering process. What this system determines as waste gets flushed out of the kidneys in the form of urine along with extra water that the body does not need. Waste products are produced from food and fluid intake as well as normal tissue breakdown after the body has used what it needs for nutritional balance, energy, and self-repair. This process of food and tissue breakdown is known as your metabolism.
The urine travels through tubes called ureters into the bladder. It is here in the bladder where urine is stored until it is excreted out when you go to the bathroom. Normal kidney function produces one liter of urine from approximately 1,000 liters of blood that is processed by these two tiny organs.
The glomerulus is the main filter of the nephron and is located within the Bowman's capsule. The glomerulus resembles a twisted mass of tiny tubes through which the blood passes. The glomerulus is semipermeable, allowing water and soluble wastes to pass through and be excreted out of the Bowman's capsule as urine. The filtered blood passes out of the glomerulus into the efferent arteriole to be returned through the medullary plexus to the intralobular vein.
Bowman's Capsule
The Bowman's capsule contains the primary filtering device of the nephron, the glomerulus. Blood is transported into the Bowman's capsule from the afferent arteriole (branching off of the interlobular artery). Within the capsule, the blood is filtered through the glomerulus and then passes out via the efferent arteriole. Meanwhile, the filtered water and aqueous wastes are passed out of the Bowman's capsule into the proximal convoluted tubule.
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for the actual purification and filtration of the blood. About one million nephrons are in the cortex of each kidney, and each one consists of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule which carry out the functions of the nephron. The renal tubule consists of the convoluted tubule and the loop of Heinle.
The nephron is part of the homeostatic mechanism of your body. This system helps regulate the amount of water, salts, glucose, urea and other minerals in your body. The nephron is a filtration system located in your kidney that is responsible for the reaborption of water, salts. This is where glucose eventually is absorbed in your body. One side note, diabetics have trouble reaborbing the glucose in their body and hence a lot of it comes out in the urine - hence the name "diabetic" or "sweet urine." But that's another topic.
The Loop of Henle is the part of the nephron that contains the basic pathway for liquid. The liquid begins at the Bowman's capsule (upper left) and then flows through the proximal convoluted tubule (that mess of tangled stuff up top). It is here that Sodium, water, amino acids, and glucose get reabsorbed. The filtrate then flows down the descending limb and then back up. On the way it passes a major bend called the Loop Of Henle. This is located in the medulla of the kidney. As it approaches the top again, hydrogen ions (waste) flow into the tube and down the collecting duct.
So... essentially, nutrients flow in through the left and exit through the right. Along the way, salts, carbohydrates, and water pass through and are reabsorbed.
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Metanephridia are different than protonephridia because they obtain fluids directly from the body cavity or coelom. Earthworms have one pair of metanephridia per segment. What makes their system interesting is that the entrance to each pair of metanephridia is located in one segment and the remaining excretory system is located in the following segment.
Earthworms are similar to advanced animals in that blood is pumped under pressure which causes fluids and small molecules to pass through capillary walls and enter the coelom. The coelomic fluid is then picked up by a ciliated funnel called the nephrostome. From the nephrostome, fluids move through the collecting tubules and bladder before being eliminated. As the coelomic fluid passes through the metanephridium, ions and essential molecules are reabsorbed leaving a hypotonic fluid that leaves the earthworm through the nephridiopore. In addition, select molecules can be secreted into the metanephridia for elimination.
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Breathing is defined as "the exchange of gases between the cells of an organism and the external environment" by Kendall and Kendall in their classic physical therapy text, Muscles - Testing and Function.
While it is true that the physiology of breathing is complex and extensive, the process of getting those gases from the environment to the cellular level of the body can be observed and understood by the general, non-medical population. Understanding the mechanics of breathing can facilitate the doing of breathing exercises for general relaxation, pain management, general health promotion and the increase of energy.
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