Showing posts with label digestive system. Show all posts
Showing posts with label digestive system. Show all posts
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Sistem pencernaan makanan pada manusia terdiri dari beberapa organ, antara lain adalah:
Mulut
Dilakukan pencernaan secara mekanik oleh gigi dan kimiawi oleh ludah yang dihasilkan Kelenjar Parotis, Submandibularis dan Sublingualis yang mengandung enzim Amilase (Ptyalin).
Lambung
Dilakukan secara mekanik dan kimiawi, Sekretin yaitu hormon yang merangsang pankreas untuk mengeluarkan sekretnya.
Renin yaitu enzim yang mampu menggumpalkan Kasein (sejenis protein) dalam susu.
Fungsi HCI Lambung :
1. Merangsang keluamya sekretin
2. Mengaktifkan Pepsinogen menjadi Pepsin untuk memecah protein.
3. Desinfektan
4. Merangsang keluarnya hormon Kolesistokinin yang berfungsi merangsang empdu mengeluarkan getahnya.
Usus
Di dalam Duodenum terdapat getah pankreas (bersifat basa) yang mengandung Steapsin (Lipase), Amilase dan Tripsinogen.
Enterokinase adalah suatu aktivator enzim. Dalam usus halus makanan diabsorbsi. Usus memperluas bidang penyerapan dengan melakukan jonjot usus (Villi).
Dalam usus besar (Kolon), air direabsorbsi serta sissa makanan dibusukkan menjadi feses selanjutnya dibuang melalui anus (Proses Defekasi).
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The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract—a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus—and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food (see figure).
Organs that make up the digestive tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine—also called the colon—rectum, and anus. Inside these hollow organs is a lining called the mucosa. In the mouth, stomach, and small intestine, the mucosa contains tiny glands that produce juices to help digest food. The digestive tract also contains a layer of smooth muscle that helps break down food and move it along the tract.
Two “solid” digestive organs, the liver and the pancreas, produce digestive juices that reach the intestine through small tubes called ducts. The gallbladder stores the liver's digestive juices until they are needed in the intestine. Parts of the nervous and circulatory systems also play major roles in the digestive system.
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Almost all animals have a tube-type digestive system in which food enters the mouth, passes through a long tube, and exits as feces (poop) through the anus. The smooth muscle in the walls of the tube-shaped digestive organs rhythmically and efficiently moves the food through the system, where it is broken down into tiny absorbable atoms and molecules.
During the process of absorption, nutrients that come from the food (including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals) pass through channels in the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream. The blood works to distribute these nutrients to the rest of the body. The waste parts of food that the body can't use are passed out of the body as feces.
Every morsel of food we eat has to be broken down into nutrients that can be absorbed by the body, which is why it takes hours to fully digest food. In humans, protein must be broken down into amino acids, starches into simple sugars, and fats into fatty acids and glycerol. The water in our food and drink is also absorbed into the bloodstream to provide the body with the fluid it needs.
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Your digestive system is uniquely designed to turn the food you eat into energy your body needs to survive. Here's how it works.
Mouth
The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract. In fact, digestion starts here as soon as you take the first bite of a meal. Chewing breaks the food into pieces that are more easily digested, while saliva mixes with food to begin the process of breaking it down into a form your body can absorb and use.
DigestiveSystem
Throat
Also called the pharynx, the throat is the next destination for food you've eaten. From here, food travels to the esophagus or swallowing tube.
Esophagus
The esophagus is a muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach. By means of a series of contractions, called peristalsis, the esophagus delivers food to the stomach. Just before the connection to the stomach there is a "zone of high pressure," called the lower esophageal sphincter; this is a "valve" meant to keep food from passing backwards into the esophagus.
Stomach
The stomach is a sac-like organ with strong muscular walls. In addition to holding the food, it's also a mixer and grinder. The stomach secretes acid and powerful enzymes that continue the process of breaking the food down. When it leaves the stomach, food is the consistency of a liquid or paste. From there the food moves to the small intestine.
Small Intestine
Made up of three segments, the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, the small intestine is a long tube loosely coiled in the abdomen (spread out, it would be more than 20 feet long). The small intestine continues the process of breaking down food by using enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver. Bile is a compound that aids in the digestion of fat and eliminates waste products from the blood. Peristalsis (contractions) is also at work in this organ, moving food through and mixing it up with digestive secretions. The duodenum is largely responsible for continuing the process of breaking down food, with the jejunum and ileum being mainly responsible for the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.
Three organs play a pivotal role in helping the stomach and small intestine digest food:
Pancreas
Among other functions, the oblong pancreas secretes enzymes into the small intestine. These enzymes break down protein, fat, and carbohydrates from the food we eat.
Liver
The liver has many functions, but two of its main functions within the digestive system are to make and secrete bile, and to cleanse and purify the blood coming from the small intestine containing the nutrients just absorbed.
Gallbladder
The gallbladder is a pear-shaped reservoir that sits just under the liver and stores bile. Bile is made in the liver then travels to the gallbladder through a channel called the cystic duct. During a meal, the gallbladder contracts sending bile to the small intestine.
Once the nutrients have been absorbed and the leftover liquid has passed through the small intestine, what is left of the food you ate is handed over to the large intestine, or colon.
The colon is a 5 to 6-foot-long muscular tube that connects the cecum (the first part of the large intestine to the rectum (the last part of the large intestine). It is made up of the ascending (right) colon, the transverse (across) colon, the descending (left) colon, and the sigmoid colon (so called for its "S" shape; the Greek letter for S is called the sigma), which connects to the rectum.
Stool, or waste left over from the digestive process, is passed through the colon by means of peristalsis (contractions), first in a liquid state and ultimately in solid form as the water is removed from the stool. A stool is stored in the sigmoid colon until a "mass movement" empties it into the rectum once or twice a day. It normally takes about 36 hours for stool to get through the colon. The stool itself is mostly food debris and bacteria. These bacteria perform several useful functions, such as synthesizing various vitamins, processing waste products and food particles, and protecting against harmful bacteria. When the descending colon becomes full of stool, or feces, it empties its contents into the rectum to begin the process of elimination.
Rectum
The rectum (Latin for "straight") is an 8-inch chamber that connects the colon to the anus. It is the rectum's job to receive stool from the colon, to let you know there is stool to be evacuated, and to hold the stool until evacuation happens. When anything (gas or stool) comes into the rectum, sensors send a message to the brain. The brain then decides if the rectal contents can be released or not. If they can, the sphincters (muscles) relax and the rectum contracts, expelling its contents. If the contents cannot be expelled, the sphincters contract and the rectum accommodates, so that the sensation temporarily goes away.
Anus
The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It consists of the pelvic floor muscles and the two anal sphincters (internal and external muscles). The lining of the upper anus is specialized to detect rectal contents. It lets us know whether the contents are liquid, gas, or solid. The pelvic floor muscle creates an angle between the rectum and the anus that stops stool from coming out when it is not supposed to. The anal sphincters provide fine control of stool. The internal sphincter keeps us from going to the bathroom when we are asleep, or otherwise unaware of the presence of stool. When we get an urge to go to the bathroom, we rely on our external sphincter to keep the stool in until we can get to the toilet.
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Why some people get liquid feces?
a. Because the small intestine can’t absorb water well
b. Because the small intestine to much absorb the water
c. Because the intestinum crasum to much absorb the water
d. Because the intestinum crasum can’t absorb water well
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Tongue is muscle tissue whose fixed end is in the back of the mouth base. It can move freely. The tongue helps pushing the food from the mouth cavity to esophagus. In the base there are tonsil, which functions as body defense from diseases
We can find salivary gland at our mouth. They produces saliva and releases it to the mouth cavity.
Saliva is liquid containing amilase enzime (ptialin). It function to digesting starch (amylum)
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